JTF ImmigrantAdmissionsJTF
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string(5346) "IMMIGRANT ADMISSIONS: FAMILY VS. SKILLS DECEMBER 2008 ? ? MOST IMMIGRANTS GRANTED LEGAL PERMANENT RESIDENCE ARE RELATIVES OF U.S. RESIDENTS. In12003,170%1of1the1foreign,born1granted1legal1permanent1residence1(LPR)1or1?green1cards?1were1 admitted1because1they1had1relatives1who1were1U.S.1citizens1or1current1LPRs.1Among1the1remaining1 30%,112%1gained1admission1based1on1employment1criteria1or1skill,110%1were1admitted1through1the1 diversity1lottery,1and18%1were1admitted1as1refugees.111 ? ? CURRENT LAW EMPHASIZES FAMILY RELATIONS IN GRANTING LPR STATUS. Some1types1of1family1members1can1be1admitted1in1unlimited1numbers1each1year;1other1types1are1 subject1to1annual1limits.1Recent1immigration1reform1discussions1focusing1on1selection1criteria1 suggest1reducing1the1importance1of1family1and1increasing1the1importance1of1employment1and1skill.1 ? ? EDUCATION LEVELS VARY WIDELY AMONG THOSE GRANTED LPR STATUS. Spouses1of1U.S.1citizens1have1relatively1high1levels1of1education:133%1have1at1least1a1B.A.,1which11 is1higher1than1the1percentage1of1native,born1residents1holding1a1bachelor?s1degree1in120031(27%),11 as1reported1by1the1U.S.1Census1Bureau.1Not1surprisingly,173%1of1the1immigrants1admitted1through1 employment1preferences1have1earned1at1least1a1B.A.,1and1they1account1for126%1of1LPRs1who1have1 achieved1this1level1of1education,1despite1being1just112%1of120031admissions.1Parents1and1siblings11 of1U.S.1citizens1are1much1less1educated:170%1and140%,1respectively,1have1not1earned1a1high1school1 diploma.1LPR,sponsored1spouses1are1the1least1educated1group:175%1have1not1earned1a1high11 school1diploma.11 ? ? IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED THROUGH EMPLOYMENT PREFERENCES HAVE THE BEST ENGLISH SKILLS... Over1half1of1the1immigrants1admitted1through1the1employment1preference1category1report1levels11 of1spoken1and1written1English1that1are1?very1good,?1as1do1approximately140%1of1the1unmarried1 adult1children1of1citizens.1Those1most1likely1to1have1poor1English1skills1are1the1parents1of1citizens1 (80%),1spouses1of1LPRs1(86%),1and1the1siblings1of1citizens1(69%).11 ? ? ? AND ALSO THE HIGHEST RATES OF EMPLOYMENT?BUT MANY FAMILY LPR S ALSO WORK. Seventy,five1percent1of1employment,preference1LPRs1are1currently1working1(as1are175%1of1 refugees),1but1large1percentages1of1some1family1LPRs1work1as1well.1For1example,160%1of1the1spouses1 of1U.S.1citizens1and159%1of1the1adult1children1(ages1221and1older)1of1citizens1are1currently1working.1 However,1employment1rates1are1low1among1parents1of1citizens1(only116%1work,1but166%1are1ages1 601and1older1at1the1time1they1become1LPRs)1and1spouses1of1LPRs1(38%).11 ? ? MOST EMPLOYMENT LPR S ARE HIGHLY SKILLED, BUT SO ARE MANY FAMILY LPR S. Employment1LPRs1are1the1most1likely1to1be1working1in1high1skill1occupations1(67%).1Spouses1of1 citizens1are1found1in1both1high,skill1(21%)1and1low,skill1occupations1(48%).1Because1of1their1large1 number1and1high1employment1rates,1spouses1of1citizens1account1for138%1of1all1high,skill1workers1 and1nearly1half1of1all1low,skill1workers.1The1groups1of1workers1most1likely1to1be1working1in1low, skill1occupations1are1spouses1of1LPRs1(81%),1parents1of1citizens1(65%),1and1siblings1of1citizens1(63%).1 These1groups1account1for1a1relatively1small1share1of1all1low,skilled1LPR1workers:118%1in1total.1 Diversity1LPRs1and1refugees1each1account1for1about113%1of1low,skill1workers.11 www.ppic.org 2003 Legal Permanent Residents LPR Admission Category 2003 Adult Admissions (%) 5 Education Employment Mean Years < HS Diploma (%) Employed (%) Median Hourly Wage ($) Immediate Family 1 Spouse of U.S. citizen 41 13.2 29 60 10.00 Child (18?21) of U.S. citizen 3 NA NA 46 7.00 Parent of U.S. citizen 14 7.5 70 13 8.00 Family Preferences 2 Spouse of LPR 3 8.0 75 38 7.75 Child (22+) of U.S. citizen 1 12.6 26 59 8.65 Sibling of U.S. citizen 8 11.6 42 44 7.25 Employment Preferences 2 12 16.1 11 75 24.68 Diversity 3 10 14.6 13 56 7.75 Refugee 4 8 12.3 33 75 10.00 TOTAL 100 12.5 34 54 10.00 Notes: 1 Unlimited admissions each year. 2 Limited admissions each year. 3 Admitted by lottery from countries with low immigration rates; limited to 55,000 admissions in 2003. 4 Number of LPRs admitted in a given year depends upon number of refugees admitted with temporary visas in the prior year. 5 Excludes those not classified and those admitted through ?legalization.? Occupational Skill Among LPRs Currently Working Note: High skill: computer/math scientist; management, professional; engineer; life, physical, social scientists; lawyers, counselors; health diagnosis and treating practitioners; teachers, education workers. Medium skill: technician; sales and office. Low skill: farming, fishing, forestry; cleaning, building services; food services; personal care; production, transportation, construction, extraction, maintenance. Sources: 2003 New Immigrant Survey. U.S. Census Bureau. Contact: Joseph Hayes www.ppic.org"
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string(5346) "IMMIGRANT ADMISSIONS: FAMILY VS. SKILLS DECEMBER 2008 ? ? MOST IMMIGRANTS GRANTED LEGAL PERMANENT RESIDENCE ARE RELATIVES OF U.S. RESIDENTS. In12003,170%1of1the1foreign,born1granted1legal1permanent1residence1(LPR)1or1?green1cards?1were1 admitted1because1they1had1relatives1who1were1U.S.1citizens1or1current1LPRs.1Among1the1remaining1 30%,112%1gained1admission1based1on1employment1criteria1or1skill,110%1were1admitted1through1the1 diversity1lottery,1and18%1were1admitted1as1refugees.111 ? ? CURRENT LAW EMPHASIZES FAMILY RELATIONS IN GRANTING LPR STATUS. Some1types1of1family1members1can1be1admitted1in1unlimited1numbers1each1year;1other1types1are1 subject1to1annual1limits.1Recent1immigration1reform1discussions1focusing1on1selection1criteria1 suggest1reducing1the1importance1of1family1and1increasing1the1importance1of1employment1and1skill.1 ? ? EDUCATION LEVELS VARY WIDELY AMONG THOSE GRANTED LPR STATUS. Spouses1of1U.S.1citizens1have1relatively1high1levels1of1education:133%1have1at1least1a1B.A.,1which11 is1higher1than1the1percentage1of1native,born1residents1holding1a1bachelor?s1degree1in120031(27%),11 as1reported1by1the1U.S.1Census1Bureau.1Not1surprisingly,173%1of1the1immigrants1admitted1through1 employment1preferences1have1earned1at1least1a1B.A.,1and1they1account1for126%1of1LPRs1who1have1 achieved1this1level1of1education,1despite1being1just112%1of120031admissions.1Parents1and1siblings11 of1U.S.1citizens1are1much1less1educated:170%1and140%,1respectively,1have1not1earned1a1high1school1 diploma.1LPR,sponsored1spouses1are1the1least1educated1group:175%1have1not1earned1a1high11 school1diploma.11 ? ? IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED THROUGH EMPLOYMENT PREFERENCES HAVE THE BEST ENGLISH SKILLS... Over1half1of1the1immigrants1admitted1through1the1employment1preference1category1report1levels11 of1spoken1and1written1English1that1are1?very1good,?1as1do1approximately140%1of1the1unmarried1 adult1children1of1citizens.1Those1most1likely1to1have1poor1English1skills1are1the1parents1of1citizens1 (80%),1spouses1of1LPRs1(86%),1and1the1siblings1of1citizens1(69%).11 ? ? ? AND ALSO THE HIGHEST RATES OF EMPLOYMENT?BUT MANY FAMILY LPR S ALSO WORK. Seventy,five1percent1of1employment,preference1LPRs1are1currently1working1(as1are175%1of1 refugees),1but1large1percentages1of1some1family1LPRs1work1as1well.1For1example,160%1of1the1spouses1 of1U.S.1citizens1and159%1of1the1adult1children1(ages1221and1older)1of1citizens1are1currently1working.1 However,1employment1rates1are1low1among1parents1of1citizens1(only116%1work,1but166%1are1ages1 601and1older1at1the1time1they1become1LPRs)1and1spouses1of1LPRs1(38%).11 ? ? MOST EMPLOYMENT LPR S ARE HIGHLY SKILLED, BUT SO ARE MANY FAMILY LPR S. Employment1LPRs1are1the1most1likely1to1be1working1in1high1skill1occupations1(67%).1Spouses1of1 citizens1are1found1in1both1high,skill1(21%)1and1low,skill1occupations1(48%).1Because1of1their1large1 number1and1high1employment1rates,1spouses1of1citizens1account1for138%1of1all1high,skill1workers1 and1nearly1half1of1all1low,skill1workers.1The1groups1of1workers1most1likely1to1be1working1in1low, skill1occupations1are1spouses1of1LPRs1(81%),1parents1of1citizens1(65%),1and1siblings1of1citizens1(63%).1 These1groups1account1for1a1relatively1small1share1of1all1low,skilled1LPR1workers:118%1in1total.1 Diversity1LPRs1and1refugees1each1account1for1about113%1of1low,skill1workers.11 www.ppic.org 2003 Legal Permanent Residents LPR Admission Category 2003 Adult Admissions (%) 5 Education Employment Mean Years < HS Diploma (%) Employed (%) Median Hourly Wage ($) Immediate Family 1 Spouse of U.S. citizen 41 13.2 29 60 10.00 Child (18?21) of U.S. citizen 3 NA NA 46 7.00 Parent of U.S. citizen 14 7.5 70 13 8.00 Family Preferences 2 Spouse of LPR 3 8.0 75 38 7.75 Child (22+) of U.S. citizen 1 12.6 26 59 8.65 Sibling of U.S. citizen 8 11.6 42 44 7.25 Employment Preferences 2 12 16.1 11 75 24.68 Diversity 3 10 14.6 13 56 7.75 Refugee 4 8 12.3 33 75 10.00 TOTAL 100 12.5 34 54 10.00 Notes: 1 Unlimited admissions each year. 2 Limited admissions each year. 3 Admitted by lottery from countries with low immigration rates; limited to 55,000 admissions in 2003. 4 Number of LPRs admitted in a given year depends upon number of refugees admitted with temporary visas in the prior year. 5 Excludes those not classified and those admitted through ?legalization.? Occupational Skill Among LPRs Currently Working Note: High skill: computer/math scientist; management, professional; engineer; life, physical, social scientists; lawyers, counselors; health diagnosis and treating practitioners; teachers, education workers. Medium skill: technician; sales and office. Low skill: farming, fishing, forestry; cleaning, building services; food services; personal care; production, transportation, construction, extraction, maintenance. Sources: 2003 New Immigrant Survey. U.S. Census Bureau. Contact: Joseph Hayes www.ppic.org"
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